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Zuzanna Ginczanka
Zuzanna Ginczanka, ''pen name'' Sara Ginzburg (March 9,〔,So: ''Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura: leksykon'', ed. J. Tomaszewski & A. Żbikowski, Warsaw, Cyklady, 2001, p. 106. ISBN 838685958X.〕 15,〔So: Izolda Kiec, ''Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość'', Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 34 & 176. ISBN 8390172003.〕 or 20,〔Lesław M. Bartelski, (''Polscy pisarze współcześni, 19391991: Leksykon''. ) Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1995, p. 121. ISBN 8301115939, (PDF file, direct download 2.54 MB), retrieved December 6, 2013.〕 1917 – January 1945)〔Cf. Mariola Krzyworączka, "Ironia bronią poetów", ''Polonistyka: czasopismo dla nauczycieli'', vol. 59, No. 9, November 2006, pp. 5458.〕 was a Polish poet of the interwar period. Although she published only a single collection of poetry in her lifetime, the book ''O centaurach'' (''About the Centaurs'', 1936) created a sensation in Poland's literary circles.〔 She was arrested and executed in Kraków shortly before the end of World War II.
==Life==
Zuzanna Ginczanka was born Zuzanna Polina Ginzburg ("Gincburg" in Polish phonetic respelling) in Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire. Her Jewish parents fled the Russian Civil War, settling in 1922 in the predominantly Yiddish-speaking town of Równe, also called Równe Wołyńskie by the inhabitants, in the ''Kresy Wschodnie'' (Eastern Borderlands) of pre-War Poland (now in Western part of the Ukraine).〔For the date of Ginczanka's arrival at Równe (1922), see ''Mały słownik pisarzy polskich'', pt. 2, ed. J. Z. Białek ''et al.'', Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 1981, p. 66. ISBN 8321400124. However, Professor Izolda Kiec states that Ginczanka's parents arrived at Równe in October/November 1917, bringing the several months' old child with them; see Izolda Kiec, ''Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość'', Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 34 & 176. ISBN 8390172003.〕 Her father, Simon Ginzburg, was a lawyer by profession, while her mother Tsetsiliya (Цецилия) Ginzburg, ''née'' Sandberg, a housewife.〔Jan Śpiewak, ''Pracowite zdziwienia: szkice poetyckie'', ed. A. Kamieńska, Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1971, p. 28.〕 Ginczanka was a holder of a Nansen passport and despite efforts made to this end was unsuccessful in obtaining Polish citizenship before the outbreak of the War.〔''Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny'', ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (GJ), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445.〕 Abandoned by her father who after a divorce left for Berlin, and later by her mother who after remarriage left for Spain, she lived in the Równe home of her maternal grandmother, Klara Sandberg, by all accounts a wise and prudent woman who was responsible for her upbringing.〔Sources differ as to the fate of her parents: ''Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny'', ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (GJ), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445. suggests that the parents were divorced (with the father going to live abroad and the mother likewise choosing emigration after remarriage). This is confirmed by Tadeusz Wittlin, p. 241 (see Bibliography), who adds that her mother lived in Pamplona, Spain, after remarriage, while her father worked as an attorney in Berlin. (Neither source mentions the parents' names.) Łobodowski, on the other hand, while confirming that the mother settled in Spain, initially at Cordova and then at Pamplona, recalls having been told by Ginczanka that her father was "dead", adding that she was very reticent about her family in general; in: Józef Łobodowski, ''Pamięci Sulamity'', Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, pp. 1112. On the grandmother Sandberg, see Jan Śpiewak, ''Pracowite zdziwienia: szkice poetyckie'', ed. A. Kamieńska, Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1971, p. 28.〕 The moderately affluent house of Klara Sandberg in the town's main street, with its ground-floor shop, was described by the writer Jerzy Andrzejewski, Ginczanka's contemporary who sought her acquaintance, and independently by the poet Jan Śpiewak, the town's fellow resident.〔Jerzy Andrzejewski, "Stefan"; in: ''Sceptyk pełen wiary: wspomnienia o Stefanie Otwinowskim'', ed. W. Maciąg, introd. E. Otwinowska, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1979, p. 105. ISBN 8308001513. Jan Śpiewak, "Zuzanna: gawęda tragiczna"; in ''id.'', Przyjaźnie i animozje, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965, p. 190.〕 She was called "Sana" by her closest friends. Between 1927 and 1935 she attended a state high school at Równe, the Państwowe Gimnazjum im. T. Kościuszki.〔 In 1935 she moved to Warsaw to begin studies at Warsaw University.〔Józef Łobodowski, ''Pamięci Sulamity'', Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 8.〕 Her studies there soon ended, likely due to antisemitic incidents at the University.〔Krystyna Kłosińska, ("Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki, Araszkiewicz, Agata." ) ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', 29 January 2002 (review of the book by Agata Araszkiewicz, ''Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki'' published by Fundacja OŚKA, Warsaw 2001).〕
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